Determination of platinum group metals using nickel sulfide (NiS) fire assay

Introduction:

Fire assaying is an age-old technique which uses intense heat and dry reagents called fluxes to extract precious metals for its ores. Nowadays, lead fire assay and nickel sulfide fire assay are widely applied as separation and pre-concentration procedures for gold and the platinum-group elements before instrumental determination. For the analysis of all platinum group elements (PGE) in geological samples, the best method for sample decomposition and precious metals extraction is nickel sulfide fire assay, since it is capable of collecting all PGE (Pt, Pd, Rh, Ir, Ru). The advantages of this technique are firstly large amounts of sample can be taken for fusion which is necessary because of low levels of PGE content in real samples. Secondly, sampling errors arising from the nugget effect of these elements can be overcome due to large sample size. However, since the process is time consuming and involves a lot of steps, care must be taken to avoid any losses during the whole process. In this regard, we have tried to develop a NiS fire assay method for extraction of PGEs in ultrabasic rocks and chromite ores where a good recovery of PGEs was obtained.

Experimental:

The test portion was mixed with the fluxing agent in an appropriate proportion and melted at 1,100 ℃. After fusion, the melt was poured into a cast iron mould and allowed to cool to room temperature. The nickel sulfide button was hammered out of the slag. The NiS button was transferred into a beaker, about 300 ml of HCl (37% v/v) was added, the flask covered with a watch glass, placed on a hot plate and heated gently below the boiling point until the button had disintegrated. Gold and the PGE sulfides remained undissolved. The solution was taken off the hot plate and diluted with about 150 ml of water. For better recovery, Te co-precipitation was used and the precipitate was filtered. The precipitate obtained was dissolved in aqua regia. Platinum group elements were determined directly by ICP-OES. A whole procedure blank was prepared in the same way. For this study, we have taken two reference samples namely, AMIS 0354 (ultrabasic rock) and OREAS 684 (chromite ore).

Results and discussions:

In order to obtain a good recovery of the PGEs, to decrease the turnaround time (as it is a time consuming process) and also to minimize the losses of the metals we have undertaken some precautions and rectifications. Firstly, the nickel sulphide button was carefully crushed into small pieces as large size button made dissolution difficult and time consuming. Secondly, tellurium co-precipitation led to better recovery as large volume of precipitate was obtained compared to PGE sulphide residue alone making loss during filtration less likely. Thirdly, no slag recovery led to lower results. The table below gives the PGE results obtained for two reference materials and the corresponding recovery of the PGEs. Some discrepancy in the iridium values were obtained due to high reagent blank value arising from the nickel oxide used.

Table 1: PGE values obtained for two reference samples

Certified reference material	PGEs	Certified values (mg/kg)	Obtained values (mg/kg)	% Recovery
AMIS 0354	Pt	2.19	1.98	90.4
	Pd	1.33	1.20	90.2
	Rh	0.25	0.22	88
	Ir	0.08	0.40	–
	Ru	0.39	0.35	89.7

OREAS 684	Pt	3.80	3.50	92.1
	Pd	1.72	1.56	90.7
	Rh	0.28	0.25	89.3
	Ir	0.10	0.50	–
	Ru	0.55	0.49	89.1

From the above table it is evident that the results obtained are in good agreement to the certified values and the method developed can be applied for determination of platinum group metals provided the blank values of the PGEs are kept to a minimum (by taking less nickel oxide without affecting the recovery of the metals) and the necessary precautions, as discussed, are undertaken.

Conclusion

In conclusion, a NiS fire assay procedure has been developed to determine the platinum group metals namely palladium, platinum, rhodium, ruthenium and iridium and the procedure appears to produce a recovery of ~ 88-92%. Loss of the precious metals probably occurs largely during the NiS fusion (if slag recovery is not done after first fusion) and during the dissolution process (if the NiS buckle is crushed). Tellurium co-precipitation was found to increase the metal recovery significantly. Iridium recovery is not consistent owing to very high iridium content in blank and very low concentration of iridium in the samples. Further optimization of the method is underway to lower losses at every stage and to improve the recovery of the metals.

Contributed by Dr. Satirtha Sengupta and Dr. Arijit Goswami under the guidance of Prof. Barun K. Gupta.

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Determination of platinum group metals using nickel sulfide (NiS) fire assay

Testimonial

Mitra S.K. have added value to our business process by effective inspection, strict quality control and timely response. It is a pleasant experience to work with “Team Mitra S.K.”. We hope the same service level will continue in the future too....

Sirsendu Mukherjee

Mitra SK Inspection Gulf LLC has been appointed by us and the services provided by them has been up to the mark and as per our expectations....

Ajay Mathur

Amar Singh Gohil

The Inspection services provided by Mitra S. K. Inspection Gulf has been prompt and accurate and has been in the line with our expectations....

Naser Bustami

We would like to express our high appreciation of the business association our company had with Mitra S. K. as a testing and inspection house for their quality of service, good documentation and reporting during the job ....

R. Jeyakumar

Tulus Situmeang

Their job was excellent and showed Mitra S.K. differential from others....

Geraldo Pimenta

Konstantin Gertsen

We’ve been pleased with the improvement we have seen in CIQ results, and Mitra S.K’s reports have certainly helped us to resolve any disputes with our customers in a more timely manner….....

Brian Mcdonald

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