A Novel Technique to Identify Mineral Oil Contaminants in Vegetable Oil

Keywords: Hydrocarbon, Solid Phase Extraction, Paraffin, Gas Chromatography.

Introduction

A simple, fast gas chromatographic-flame ionization detection (GC/FID) method combined with a solid phase extraction (SPE) has been established to determine the mineral oil-saturated hydrocarbons (MOSH) in vegetable oils.

Mineral oils are certain fractions from petroleum refining and maybe traded under various designations such as Paraffinum Liquidum, Paraffin, Petrolatum (soft paraffin), Paraffin wax, Paraffin oil, Ozokerite, White (mineral) oil, depending on type liquid or solid or field of application. Vegetable oils, like many other foodstuffs, are often contaminated by mineral oil products during harvesting, processing, transportation and storage. Source of mineral oil also includes food packaging, food additives, processing aids, and lubricants. Presently, there is no established method available for quantitative assay of mineral oil even FSSAI only indicates about presence or absence of mineral oil.

The mineral oil contaminants found in food can be primarily divided into two types, the saturated hydrocarbons (MOSH), which include straight, branched and cyclic alkenes, and the mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons (MOAH), which are mostly alkyl-substituted. Since the MOSH are the predominant part of the mineral oil and more easily analysed than the MOAH, they are usually treated as markers for the presence of mineral oils.

Literature review revealed, analysis of MOSH in vegetable oils and other food is on-line high performance liquid chromatography coupled with GC-FID (HPLC-GC-FID), in which HPLC as separation column plays purification role to isolate MOSH from lipid in food. But the corresponding coupled instrumentation is available only in few laboratories because of its high price.

It is utmost important to ensure the absence of mineral oil as contaminants in food. Hence, the present study aimed to provide a simple GC/FID method which includes offline glass SPE cartridge that was packed with silver impregnated activated silica gel to remove the fat and other interferences (primarily olefins) in vegetable oils to identify/estimate the presence of mineral oil contaminants in vegetable oil. The method was also validated for Precision, Accuracy & Linearity. Thus, the GLC method can be used as a rapid tool in industry to ensure the absence of mineral oil

Additionally, the advantages of the method include quantification of mineral oil hydrocarbons with simplicity, low cost and high sensitivity.

Experimental

Apparatus

Glass SPE cartridges used for extraction and sample preparation. Thermo Scientific TRACE™ 1310 Gas Chromatograph equipped with FID used for GC analysis.

Chemicals, reagents and standards

n-Hexane (99% purity). The standard mixture of hydrocarbon (n-alkanes ranging C10–C40) (Sigma-Aldrich ). Silica gel (mesh size 80-120), Silver nitrate (Merck)

SPE Cartridge preparation

As no commercial glass SPE with Ag-silica gel was available, a 20-mL glass column was used for the lab-made SPE cartridge. The silica gel was activated at 500°C for 4 h in a muffle furnace and then coated with 1% silver nitrate solution then the mixture was homogenized on the rotary evaporator and dried in an oven at 125 °C.

For making the SPE column, 10 g Ag-activated silica gel was loaded into the cartridge.

Before analysis, 25 mL of n-hexane was loaded through SPE to rinse the entire column until the upper level of solvent was 0.5 cm higher than the silica gel bed.

Sample preparation

0.5g of oil weighed, spiked with appropriate amount of standard (dissolved in 1-mL n-hexane) and finally loaded onto the prepared SPE column and the first elute was discarded until close to dryness. Then, 25 mL of n-hexane was added & initial 10 mL of elute was collected, concentrated to 1 mL in a gentle nitrogen stream, and used for GC-FID analysis.

GC-FID Analysis

A 2-μL aliquot of test solution was injected (without split) into DB-5HT (25 m × 0.25 mm i.d. × 0.10 μm, separation column coated with a 0.10-μm film of 5% phenyl/95%methylpolysiloxane).

The MOSH area was determined by integrating the area of peak corresponding to hydrocarbons ranging from C10 to C30.Recovery was tested by spiking the oil with three concentrations (10, 50, and 100 mg/kg) and the repeatability was determined by analyzing an oil sample 3 times spiked with 10 mg/kg.

Results & Discussion

Linearity:

The calibration curve was prepared for each hydrocarbon using reference standards at five calibration levels. The calibration curve of alkane mixture was prepared from standard concentrations of 5.0 to 40.0 mg/L. All correlation coefficients square (R²) were higher or equal to 0.98.

Recovery

The recovery was found between 70-120% for each individual hydrocarbon compounds spiking at three different level before extraction. The results are incorporated in Table No.1.

Precision

Precision was calculated from the 3 replicate determinations at lower spiking level. The results of repeatability as obtained were presented in terms of the relative standard deviation (%RSD) in Table No.2. Over all the Relative standard deviation values were found to be within 20%.

Conclusion

In the present study, mineral oil saturated hydrocarbons (MOSH) which is marker of mineral oil contaminants was estimated by employing the SPE followed by GC-FID analysis. The method succeeds over the other method in terms of Limit of detection as the method can be applied for quantification of mineral oil contaminants in ppm level.

Table and Figures

Table: 1 Result for %Recovery at different spiking level

Hydrocarbon	% Recovery at 10mg/kg	% Recovery at 50 mg/kg	% Recovery at 100 mg/kg
n-Decane	75.204	70.96	105.09
n-Undecane	81.212	70.05	103.50
N-Dodecane	70.561	71.19	104.28
n-Tridecane	79.708	70.84	104.12
N-Tetradecane	73.913	71.99	103.19
n-Pentadecane	73.291	70.91	104.33
n_Hexadecane	71.821	70.94	108.25
n_Heptadecane	72.411	70.29	104.06
n-Octadecane	70.98	73.08	105.25
n_Nonadecane	71.138	72.18	105.48
n-Eicosane	71.804	71.78	106.11
n-Heneicosane	70.767	70.27	103.93
n-Docosane	82.32	73.59	102.24
n-Tricosane	70.244	71.33	104.26
n-tetracosane	72.038	72.31	104.71
n-Pentacosane	77.322	71.01	104.64
n-Hexacosane	76.766	74.27	104.83
n-Heptacosane	77.482	71.19	103.80
n-Octacosane	76.179	72.61	107.46
Nonacosane	74.982	75.59	108.08
n-Triacontane	73.242	75.77	108.29
n-hentriacosane	70.364	71.58	101.55
n-Dotriacosane	71.862	74.17	101.96
n-Tritriacontane	76.659	75.95	102.02
n-Tetratriacontane	71.204	71.40	98.10
n-Pentatriacontane	77.554	72.63	109.27
n-Hexatriacontane	75.59	78.35	94.89
Heptatriacontane	70.79	71.85	104.01
Octatriacontane	81.734	78.54	93.22

Table: 2 Result for % RSD of recoveries

Hydrocarbon	% Recovery SET 1	% Recovery SET 2	% Recovery SET 3	% RSD of recovery
n-Decane	75.20	77.42	73.21	2.79
n-Undecane	81.21	71.61	77.72	6.33
N-Dodecane	70.56	71.14	74.71	3.11
n-Tridecane	79.71	77.77	75.02	3.04
N-Tetradecane	73.91	72.73	73.10	0.82
n-Pentadecane	73.29	80.63	74.61	5.13
n_Hexadecane	71.82	73.77	73.45	1.43
n_Heptadecane	72.41	68.05	72.55	3.60
n-Octadecane	70.98	77.32	74.93	4.30
n_Nonadecane	71.14	73.67	70.64	2.27
n-Eicosane	71.80	75.43	71.26	3.11
n-Heneicosane	70.77	73.14	72.86	1.79
n-Docosane	82.32	72.03	73.72	7.26
n-Tricosane	70.24	70.90	76.83	4.99
n-tetracosane	72.04	71.35	70.30	1.23
n-Pentacosane	77.32	71.52	81.43	6.49
n-Hexacosane	76.77	71.37	71.47	4.22
n-Heptacosane	77.48	74.35	76.92	2.19
n-Octacosane	76.18	79.61	71.11	5.65
Nonacosane	74.98	75.21	72.73	1.84
n-Triacontane	73.24	74.73	75.88	1.77
n-hentriacosane	70.36	82.13	74.32	7.92
n-Dotriacosane	71.86	75.61	77.89	4.05
n-Tritriacontane	76.66	70.04	75.58	4.79
n-Tetratriacontane	71.20	85.72	73.25	10.24
n-Pentatriacontane	77.55	83.32	71.01	7.97
n-Hexatriacontane	75.59	81.93	77.16	4.22
Heptatriacontane	70.79	85.50	75.18	9.79
Octatriacontane	81.73	73.01	72.05	7.06

Fig:1 Chromatogram of Blank vegetable oil

Fig:2 Chromatogram of vegetable oil spiked with hydrocarbon mixture

Contributed By: Piali Ganguly.

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A Novel Technique to Identify Mineral Oil Contaminants in Vegetable Oil

Testimonial

Mitra S.K. have added value to our business process by effective inspection, strict quality control and timely response. It is a pleasant experience to work with “Team Mitra S.K.”. We hope the same service level will continue in the future too....

Sirsendu Mukherjee

Mitra SK Inspection Gulf LLC has been appointed by us and the services provided by them has been up to the mark and as per our expectations....

Ajay Mathur

Amar Singh Gohil

The Inspection services provided by Mitra S. K. Inspection Gulf has been prompt and accurate and has been in the line with our expectations....

Naser Bustami

We would like to express our high appreciation of the business association our company had with Mitra S. K. as a testing and inspection house for their quality of service, good documentation and reporting during the job ....

R. Jeyakumar

Tulus Situmeang

Their job was excellent and showed Mitra S.K. differential from others....

Geraldo Pimenta

Konstantin Gertsen

We’ve been pleased with the improvement we have seen in CIQ results, and Mitra S.K’s reports have certainly helped us to resolve any disputes with our customers in a more timely manner….....

Brian Mcdonald

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