INTRODUCTION Humic substances are complex, heterogeneous, mixtures of organic compounds with different functional groups. Their composition and structural formula are still controversial. Humic substances can be operationally defined into fulvic …
Rivers are the lifelines of civilisations. Mankind has built cities that have prospered and progressed on the banks of rivers from ancient times. Rivers are vital for us – as …
We all know the detrimental effects of the exploration of crude oil and also of its use in the global industry. Crude oil is recognized as a major pollutant in …
Gold is the best form of wealth the world has ever known. The Earth’s crust contains an average of 0.004 grams per ton. Gold occurs in association with ores of …
In terms of the global zinc market, the single biggest supply hit so far has come out of India. Major producers of the country have temporarily halted all operations. More …
Rare earth metals constitute a group of 17 chemical elements used in the manufacture of a variety of products such as computers, cell phones, rechargeable batteries, catalytic converters, magnets, and …
The global Copper industry is characterized by low prices and declining demand growth rates while production increase is observed, following the global pandemic crisis. After showing a sharp surge in …
In 1654 – Jan van Riebeeck had barely set foot on the Cape coast- a station post guard who claimed to be a silversmith said he had found a ‘lode …
Antioxidants are chemicals that protect cells by neutralizing free radicals generated by external factors (such as damage from the sun, pollution, wind, temperature, etc.) and internal factors (for example, stress …
Boilers are found everywhere, not only in industrial plants and refineries but also in homes and in various processes for public and private use and utilities. In industries, they play …
